Bassett and Howley

It nas been proposed initially by ( ) that the individuals with more training experience have additional cardiac output, and such individuals are able to operate with even less oxygen saturation. It is also argued that, in elite athletes, decreased transportation time of the RBCs in the pulmonary vessels causes oxygen desaturation in the arteries due to increased cardiac output.Moreover, increase in flow rate occurs due to increase in volume of blood flow in the vessels or capillaries having constant diameter (Pelliccia et al. , 2002). If flow rate is so fast, then ed blood cells will surpass oxygen hurriedly to the haemoglobin, which will result in less saturation of haemoglobin resulting in reduced oxygen in exercising muscle, causing muscle fatigue (Warpeha, 2003). This theory indicates that maximum oxygen consumption is, to an extent, limited by pulmonary factors during exercise. While other authors indicate that factors such as arterial oxygenation are impossible to affect V02 m ax (Vogiatzis et al. , 2008). Moreover, Christensen (1931) argued that decline in sub maximal heart rate, without affecting cardiac output, can occur during aerobic exercise.He concluded that maintaining cardiac output is possible by increasing stroke volume when heart rate is decreased, as cardiac output is the result of heart rate into stroke volume. However, this relationship varies when exercise reaches maximum level. It was evaluated that training time and levels did not affect maximum heart rate, and only an augmented stroke volume caused improvement in performance when exercise reached its maximum levels. Hence, stroke volume was able to maintain appropriate cardiac output, as average heart rate remained the same for both trained and untrained individuals at maximal exercise Christensen, 1931; Saltin and Calbert, 2006).

The Characteristics Of The Modern Period As Related To Thomas Hardy`s “Hap”

The modern period is characterized by accelerating social, technological and economic advancement. It is also weight by the build up of universal empire controlling almost all of the economies of the world (â€Å"An Analysis of Hap by Thomas Hardy†). Great bulk of wealth has been transferred and controlled by some countries. However, some just lag behind and unable to stand with the sudden crash that happened. Time has changed and everything has changed but some still insisted with ancient mindset that has been coined a long ago.Mindset that was not acceptable this modern period. In his poem â€Å"Hap†, Thomas Hardy pointed out modern changes and the unsystematic landscape of life. This was the time of transition. The presence of somebody in existence that was liable in all the changes that was happening was wondered and inquired about (Davidson). The idea of great economic, social and technological changes was new. It was not yet clearly defined and established.All the advancement that was happening to their way of life was an idea that was fallen from the sky and was just credited to somebody he thought to be compassionate God was responsible (â€Å"Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)†). All modernization in technology, culture, beliefs, traditions, mindset and even religion was worked out by man for thousand of years. These are all products of their unveiling thirst for knowledge and betterment of the way of living.The information age has approached. Information was transferred in only a flash wherever you are in the world. We always see new creation and innovations everyday like in the world of computers. Computer has been the greatest achievement of man for centuries. It started just like a size of the entire room with only little functions(â€Å"When Was the Computer Invented? â€Å"). Now it has evolved to almost absolute functions even in its diminutive size and continuously developing.

Elements in life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Elements in life - Essay Example Simone Weil, Martin Luther King and Mother Teresa have common qualities that make them exemplary. The elements of self-denial, service and spiritual enlightenment can be seen in the lives of these persons. Their reputations are founded on these qualities that enabled them to be considered as living saints. Although Weil, King and Mother Teresa came from respectable and affluent families, they denied self in order to reach out to others. Simone Weil exercised â€Å"detachment from material things† (â€Å"Simone Weil†, Wikipedia). In the latter part of her life, she was still actively involved in her social projects despite her physical sufferings. Martin Luther King also sacrificed time and his own safety just to help fellow black Americans gain their rights as citizens of the United States of America (Carson, â€Å"Biography of Martin Luther King Jr). Mother Teresa left home and school in exchange for the slums of India (â€Å"Mother Teresa – Biography†, Nobelprize.org). This ability to deny self for the benefit of others is rare among people. But during those times when underprivileged people were neglected, these three persons were willing to sacrifice. Because of their self-denial, they served people with all heart, mind and soul. This kind of service arose from their inner desire to help alleviate the sufferings of their fellowmen. Weil aided the working class in the demand for their social rights, even joining a local factory just to experience the lives of these people (â€Å"Simone Weil†, Wikipedia). King, in spite of the â€Å"increasing resistance he encountered from political leaders† – which could be the reason for his death - continued his objectives for the benefit of the black Americans (Carson, â€Å"Biography of Martin Luther King Jr). Teresa devoted her resources for India’s â€Å"poorest of the poor† (â€Å"Mother Teresa – Biography†, Nobelprize.org). Their labor of love resulted to fruits that other

Cultural Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance Research Paper - 1

Cultural Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance - Research Paper Example (Robert, 2003) Key words Idaho- A State in the US where the researcher lives Tribes- this is a group of people in a country with the same race, customs, language, and religion. (Hornby, 2010) Nimi'ipuu, and Shoshoni- Some of the examples of Native tribes found in Idaho. Mappings: (Digital Atlas of Idaho: Idaho's natural history on line, n.d Native tribes of Idaho The above tribes as indicated in the map, migrated into Idaho as one tribe, which its main economic activity was hunting and gathering. They later dispersed and went to different destinations as they looked for more food and natural resources that could complement their lifestyles. This led them to adopt different cultures according to how nature influenced their lives. There are three main cultures found in Idaho which include the Plateau culture, the Great Basin culture and the Great Plains culture. (Digital Atlas of Idaho: Idaho's natural history on line, n.d). Culture areas in Idaho Description of the tribes found in Ida ho The shoshoni: This tribe is believed to have migrated from their motherland into the US in the early years of 8,000 years ago. They have lived in New Mexico (as it is known today), and Arizona. Due to harsh climatic conditions which made life unbearable, they migrated in different directions. Others landed in the interior of Mexico. Another handful population moved to settle around Lake Mohave and survived mainly on hunting and gathering. This particular group did not settle in this region for long because of minimal resources, which could not satisfy the population. About 4,000years ago, the Shoshoni people stared to move into Idaho and by 1700s; there was a small but reasonable number of people who had settled in Idaho State. (Robert, 2003) The Shoshoni people occupied the Great Plains and their culture is known as the Great Plains culture. (Digital Atlas of Idaho: Idaho's natural history on line, n.d) Characteristics of the Shoshoni The Shoshoni people never embraced the eleme nt of politics in their life style. They mainly lived in extended families, which were built from intermarriages. They vastly depended on the resources found on the great basin region for a livelihood, mainly for food. They were nomads who would live in the valleys in the winter season, and their summer was sent in the mountains. They carried out their activities together e.g. they did their pinion nuts harvesting together, hunted together, even though they lived distantly from each other. With the way they lived, this could only mean that a peculiar strong bond existed amongst them. Their main economic activity revolved around hunting and women involved themselves in gathering. Fruit was an indispensable part of their diet. The Nimi'ipuu: Unlike the Shoshoni people who spent the better part of their early lives living in the desert, Nimi'ipuu occupied the river region. The rivers found here were Salmon and Snake which had clear and fresh water. The mountainous region in southern Id aho provided a suitable hunting space where they would find desired game meat. They also migrated from time to time for the sake of looking for food like the Shoshoni. It is vital to note that the Nimi’ipuu had a vast share of resources and this encouraged some of them to settle therefore, forming small villages. They had water in plenty compared to

International Management Master Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Management Master - Assignment Example Morgan Chase, Allstate, Prudential, Dell, Cisco, Microsoft and Motorola have all adopted it in some form as they shift their managerial frames of reference toward the requirements of the global-network era. Companies would do well, the Oddou (1999) advises, to think rationally - not emotionally - about off shoring's relevant issues: What are their core competencies What form of governance is optimal How will work will be distributed and integrated to the new staff and how well they can get settles with the new environment Since outsourcing contracts often last for five or more years, corporate officers responsible for selecting the manager with whom they wind up going down the legal path often compare the pact to that of a marriage. The reason is that trust is as important to an outsourcing manager as it is to a spouse. But before an outsourcing relationship reaches that point, many outsourcing managers note that they wind up going through a systematic process of gathering intelligence about their possible partners, and often about themselves. Manager or staff selection first involves self-assessment. Before even undertaking the manager's selection, a corporation should determine whether it needs to outsource in the first place. A company must assess the raw economics of a project, says Howard Rubin, executive vice president with the Meta Group Inc., which advises corporations on outsourcing. It also must weigh the fixed costs of moving production or a task to an outsourcing vendor, as well as the variable ones, he notes. Once that's done, a strategic accounting must be completed. "If your business is building bridges, you don't want to worry about maintaining and painting the ones you've already built," Rubin says. Those are things you outsource if it takes away from your core business focus. It's not unusual for a company to decide not to outsource. One outsourcing officer of a major industrial company based in the Midwest says half the time his company examines an outsourcing request from a business unit, no outsourcing assignment winds up being made. There are numerous reasons for that, including fear about intellectual assets losing their protection once outside the corporate cocoon. "With IP (intellectual property), once you move outside, you're at risk of losing it," says one outsourcing manager in the Midwest. That's why trust becomes so important when selecting a Manager. It must be someone who can respect proprietary information. Trust, of course, must be earned. It's somewhat intangible, and generally doesn't emerge until hard fact-finding is completed. The Midwestern outsourcing manager says when an entire assignment is considered, and staffs needs to be selected, as many as 25 people can be working on a prospective mandate at his company. In hiring managers from another country or culture there are three aspects to be considered, what codifiability, standardizability and modularizability. Codifiability refers to the extent to which the activities in an occupation can be described completely in a set of

Integrated And Interdependent Global Economy Essay

Integrated And Interdependent Global Economy - Essay Example This report declares that though globalization has succeeded in making the people aware of the need of collective growth, still political problems, terrorism, internal agitations and political concerns have retarded the progress of collective economic growth. Most of the left parties all over the world are still looking suspiciously at the interdependence of economies since they are afraid of some kind of a hidden agenda in this concept by the capitalist countries. They believe that globalization and liberalization policies are implemented by these capitalist countries in order to exploit the wealth of poor countries. But in reality the China like socialist countries were blessed immensely by globalization compared to capitalist countries like America and Britain. As countries become increasingly interdependent, we must all turn our attention toward further integrating economies and making the benefits of growth inclusive, so that nobody is left behind. The end of cold war era though helped super powers to concentrate more on economic terms, increased terrorism and conflicts between countries definitely retarded the growth towards an economically prosperous world. This paper makes a conclusion that Interdependence of economy and economic integration is a subject still at its early stages of development. Though theoretically economic integration or economic interdependence concepts are believed to be the best solution for the economic development of the world as a whole, it needs to be studied more based on practical experiences in future.

In What Ways are Stereotypes Portrayed and Opposed in The Hour of the Essay

In What Ways are Stereotypes Portrayed and Opposed in The Hour of the Star and A Doll's House - Essay Example The novella The Hour of the Star depicts social stereotypes that are faced by modern women especially when they are in a cohabitating role. In contrast, the play A Doll’s House depicts the stereotypes faced by women in the nineteenth century especially in context of the institution of marriage. Furthermore, the play also reflects on the state of nascent feminism on the rise during the nineteenth century. This text will analyse the various stereotypes depicted by and opposed in The Hour of the Star and A Doll’s House in detail. The novella The Hour of the Star revolves around the life of an average woman Macabe’a whose life is portrayed in urban as well as rural settings to highlight the various stereotypes that exist in these settings. Macabea’s boyfriend Rodrigo who is shown as short of a respectable character has narrated the entire novella. Macabea serves as the novella’s protagonist and works as a typist in the poor slums of Rio as one of lifeâ €™s most unfortunate creatures. The protagonist has been shown as a simple person who loves movies, Coca-Cola and her boyfriend Rodrigo who fails to live up to her expectations. ... Typically, it is assumed that men will detach themselves from a woman when she is unattractive or when they have fulfilled their purposes from a woman. This stereotypical image of men is carried throughout the novella and is portrayed as an evil based in the instinct of men. The element of regret is also coupled to Rodrigo’s actions later in the novella as he realises that Macabea might have outward misery but inside she is free. Rodrigo as the narrator notices that Macabea is miserable yet she has no understanding of how unhappy she should be in her condition. This method of projecting the protagonist as an independent and carefree person despite the immense problems is also a stereotypical approach used in feminist literature. In addition to the above, this novella portrays various stereotypical images of women in a society dominated by men. Macabea’s day-to-day life is portrayed as a single uneducated woman’s struggle to merely survive in a sexist society (Bri cklebank) despite having a boyfriend to protect her. Cohabitation has been given a stereotypical approach where it is assumed that two people living together do so out of love and respect. However the practicality delivered in the novella elucidates that cohabitation may only be nothing more than two people living with each other because they tend to deal with each other’s dependencies. Again within the context of cohabitation the protagonist is shown as losing more than gaining from this relationship which in turn provides a feminist touch to this work. Another facet of stereotypes depicted in The Hour of the Star revolves around the assumed characteristics of rural people in urban settings.

Important Models of Justices' Behaviour at the Supreme Court Research Paper

Important Models of Justices' Behaviour at the Supreme Court - Research Paper Example There are three models that are mostly displayed by the justices and the judges of the Supreme Court when deciding cases in the supreme courts. These are strategic, attitudinal and the legal orientations. Strategic behaviour refers to the justices’ actions to maximize their overall benefits in light of their expectations concerning their choices of other actors involved in the decision making process. Others are legal and the attitudinal models that aid explain the legal verdict arrived by the justices at the supreme courts Though the attitudinal models of justice behaviour was initially establish in the US, students and other legal practitioner have found the strategic models of behaviour alluring. This dissent of behaviour focuses on the interpedently nature of judges and justices’ behaviour in their decision making, which does not shun the policy preferences of the justices’ .This a strategic begins with assumption that justices are motivated by their policy p references, but further acknowledges that realization of those preferences is a function of other relevant actors. As notes by (Epstein and Knight) Justices may be primarily seekers of legal policy, but they are not unconstrained actors who make decisions based only on their own ideological attitudes. Rather, justices are strategic actors who realize their ability to achieve their goals depends on a consideration of the preferences of other actors, the choices they expect others to make, and the institutional context in which they act. (10). This implies that whole a justice acting on the basis of his attitudes, another justices acting on the same preferences may be expected to behave differently based on strategic considerations. For instance, for justice behaviour‘s preferences mat depend on the other justice and judges reactions and opinions (08-956 wood v. Allen. (01/20/10) Recent literature provides that strategic concerns of behaviour go beyond attitudinal as they tend t o explain further other reasons that attitudinal approach may not offer.(Wood v. Allen, Wood v, state and Alabama, US, 1998) In recent findings, attitudinal concerns have challenged by judges who tend to adopt strategic orientation towards and it was evidenced in a variety of contexts. First, when setting their agendas (Rice v. Collins, 546 US 333,339), second, when writing majority opinions (Wood v. State, 715 819 (1998)) and lastly issuing separate opinions, even on the same case(s) (Williams v. Taylor, 529 US 362,462). Several studies undertaken by Brace and Hall at the aggregate (Brace and Hall; Hall and Brace, 147-162) and individuals (Brace and Hall; Hall and Brace) provides explanations on the dissenting behaviour. They note that when making judicial decisions, justices and judges decide not to follow their ideological differences in certain circumstances in anticipation of decisions by exogenous factors such as electoral constituency, in order to keep job . Other evidence th at pursue a strategic line of inquiry as is vital in the decision making process. This is because the strategic models of supreme court justices takes into account other factors more

Overview of Symphony Orchestra and Wind Band as different Entities of Dissertation

Overview of Symphony Orchestra and Wind Band as different Entities of Music - Dissertation Example Some people think music is all around us and in everything that we do. There are those who also think collectively, music is a spice that gives the world its sweet piece of aroma and taste. But for however one perceives music, it could just be right to admit that there are thousands of factors that go into the creation and formation of music than mere coincidence. Music is actually created and this is what makes music an art. Talking about the creation of music, mention can be made of the different elements that come together to make the formation of music complete. One of such adorable elements that always stand out in the composition of music is ensembles. The kind of ensembles present and how they are used to form or create music also goes a long way to talk of the kind of music we have. Largely, the presence of different ensembles and how these are put to gather to create music would bring two major groups of music to bear and these two groups are symphony orchestra and the Ameri can wind band. There are many who have thought that because these two groups primarily end up in the creation or composition of music, there should actually not be any need differentiating them but that is technically not correct. (Forest, 2008). This research paper therefore tries to take a direct look at symphony orchestra and the American wind band in terms of practical musical issues that differentiate them and that account for reasons why composers make a choice between writing for orchestra or band. Difference in Instrumentation Instrumentation remains a major phenomenon in the discussion of the differences between orchestra and band. Typically, the instrumentation refers to the assembly of musical ensembles or instruments available to the two types of musical composition (Diamond, 2009). On a larger scale, orchestra is often thought to be with a standard instrumentation; a concept that is largely absent in the American wind band. Without implying that a band does not need all the ensembles in an orchestra to function, a band, can well function without a fraction of most of the ensembles that are needed in a typical orchestra. For this reason, orchestra is generally seen as a more standardized instrument based outfit than a band. This is very much because unlike a band, an orchestra can just not function properly in the absence of most of the so called standard instrumentations. In the count of ensembles rather than individual players on a band and an orchestra therefore, it would be true to say that an orchestra is a larger musical outfit than a band. It would also be true to say that an orchestra is a well organized musical outfit than a band. There are some music historians who even believe that in terms of differences in instrumentation, an orchestra is a more professional body of music than a band. Young Composers (2008) for instance writes that â€Å"â€Å"Wind Band" is a large ensemble consisting of many woodwinds, brass, and percussion.† He further states that â€Å"a "Wind Symphony" could be considered a larger or more technically skilled ensemble, with additional instruments, more players, and with a repertoire more difficult, expansive, and varied.† Organization There exist major differences between orchestra and band that result from their organization on a typical musical stage. Given a very typical musical show, the kind of technical organization that will take place within the orchestra is totally different from what will be experienced for a band. Most often than not, the differences in organization emanate from differences in instrumentation. As it has been indicated earlier, the types of instrumentation used in orchestras are totally different

Odyssey bibliography Essay Example for Free

Odyssey bibliography Essay Odysseus was one of the famous Greek poets. He was Laertes and Anticlea’s son and was married to Penelope (a woman thought to be inordinately faithful) and was a father to Telemachus. Odysseus was the king of Ithaca, a favorite place in Athens, and was one of the few Greeks that returned home safely from troy and the Trojan War though it took a long time before they returned. He is believed to have written some poems in the end of eighth century BC. Odysseus was among the leader of Achaeans who have contributed to most part of Greek literature. In his different walks of life, he is view as a hero and in other side as a failure, in the focus of his bibliography as written by homer, his participation in Trojan war and his tricks that made him stand unique paving way for his success in his missions. He was a family man who focused on achievements and did not believe on failures, he believed in as supernatural power of gods that were making him strong in believe that they were in his support in the victory. The essay focuses on the life line of Odysseus, participation and contributions as well as his character traits as narrated by different poets and other literatures. Joachim, 2005) Odysseus early life When Odysseus was a young boy, he exhibited on his talent; his main fond was archery and was excelling on it. Young Odysseus was fond of hunting with his dog, Argos, he could not stop doing what he liked no matter the challenges example is when he was gored by a bear and left a scar on his thigh. The scar was a lifetime mark that would help his old nurse Eurycleia when he returned from his wonderings. He was know to mind less about the appearance, some people went far as saying that he had bandy-legged, but when he began talking, he was unstoppable. His cleverness brought him closer to goddess Athena; he became his protector at troy and later on the sea. Odysseus became one of the original suitors of Helen of troy. He came woo her in Sparta for it was expected of him though his main interest was in her cousin Penelope. To avoid dispute among the suitors that were interested in Helen, Odysseus suggested to her father to help him win Penelope, Helen’s cousin, her father feared the preference of one suitor. Odysseus suggested to Tyndareus to exact an oath to all suitors that they will defend the favored suitor and protect his marriage against anything wrong that may be done to him. Helen married Menelaus of the cursed horse. Icarius of Lacedaemon, the Penelope’s father, offered his daughter to Odysseus, the man who defeated him in foot race. Penelope’s father, the old king of Lacedaemon was trying to make the newly wedded couples to stay in Lacedaemon but Odysseus refused and set for Ithaca. After much insisting, Odysseus had to bade to his wife either to move with him or return to her father. Penelope did not respond but instead she covered her face which was a clear indication that she wished to move with her husband, this was a clear prove of her cleverness and wily as her husband. Martin, 2007) On arrival in Ithaca, Odysseus had to build a new palace for him and his new bride. The couple got a son, it did not take long before the news came to them that Paris had eloped Helen. After the Paris abducted Helen, her father invoked an oath of Tyndareus, Odysseus refused to make good out of it. He pretended to be mad just to proof his sanity after he avoided hitting a child. (Kayakas, 1988) Odysseus character Odysseus is described as a hero due to his cunning intelligence. The use of deceptive speech describes him well and is well manifested in his character traits as a peer of Zeus in counsel. His disguising character takes form altering his appearance and verbal, this may be seen in the event when he blinded Cyclops when he told him that his name was nobody the managed to escape after blinding Polyphemus. When polyphemuss was screaming and Cyclops asks him why he was doing that, he said that nobody is hurting him, every one (Cyclopes) thought no one was hurting him and may be he was suffering in the hands of immortal Zeus. According to Odyssey of Homer, it is evident that Odysseus was arrogant and proud, as he sailed away from the Cyclops’s island, he boasted as he shouted his name saying that no one defeat him ‘great Odysseus’. The Cyclopes were not happy with him and the threw bitter words to him as he tells his father that Odysseus blinded him which enraged Poseidon and caused the god to curse Odysseus home coming and delayed for a long time. (Rodney, 2006) Odysseus events Odysseus events are narrated and given from the middle of the plot; this has been done through flashbacks and story telling. The later authors have done this through imitation, examples of these authors are Virgil and Aeneid, the modern poets were not left behind such as Pope Alexander in the mock epic, mock-heroic also commonly known as ‘the rape of the rock’. At first we find Odysseus trying to assert control on the household and later at Athena’s advice while in search for news concerning his lost fathers. Odysseus was a captive for a long time of the beautiful nymph Calypso who he had spent with his seven years of his lost ten years. (Karykas, 2003) After his release by intercession of his patroness Athena, he leaves and his raft was destroyed by his known enemy Poseidon who was much annoyed because Odysseus had blinded Polyphemus his son. Odysseus washed up Scherie, which was the home to Phaeacians and is assisted by Nausicaa who treats him with great hospitability. When he returned he narrated about his adventures since he left troy to Phaeacians and the leader of his adventures satisfying their curiosity. This flash back extends back to where Odysseus stands and his tale told. Odysseus got a ship through loan from shipbuilding Phaeacians to return to Ithaca, he is assisted by swine hearder Emaeus to meet Telemachus, in the process he got back his house hold and managed to kill the suitors and then he was able to reunite with his faithful Penelope, his wife. Odyssey is divided into 24 books in all modern editions and translations. The message contained there in is convincing but not original, Alexandrian editors developed this by 3rd century BC. Through the period, the books have been given different titles. Barry, 2006) Odysseus and culture Different cultures have risen in concern of Odysseus; some of the cultures describe him as a hero and others as a scoundrel. Odysseus was ruling the Cephallenians, this were the people who were dwelling on the islands that was on the northwest coast of Greece. His palace was on the rocky island of Ithaca, compared to other Greek princes that were fighting at troy; he was not as wealthy as them though he was living a com fortable life. (Malcom, 2000) Trojan War According to myths of Greek, the Trojan war was war that was Achaeans against the city of troy after Helen was stolen by troy of Paris from her husband Menelaus who was the King of Sparta. Trojan War was among the most important events that happened in the Greek mythology which was narrated by many and different works of Greek literature that included the Iliad, Homer and the Odyssey. Trojan War believed to have originated from a quarrel between the Aphrodite, Athena and Hera goddesses after the Eris, goddess of strife and discord offered them a golden apple, and this is also referred to as apple of discord that was marked to be the fairest. When the goddess went to Paris and judged that Aphrodite as the fairest and should be the one to receive the apple. In exchange apple, Aphrodite made Helen to be the most beautiful woman and fallen in love with Paris who would take her to troy. Achaeans desecrated temples and they slaughtered Trojans, they got the wrath of gods’, only few of the Achaeans returned home safely while others found colonies in different places in the shores. The Romans were led by one of the surviving Trojan to their origin, Italy. Wood, 1998) Odyssey describes the Odysseus journey home. He was among the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war have been narrated by cycle of epic poems, though has survived in fragments. The war episodes were important for they provided materials for the Greek literature and for the Roman poets like Ovid and Virgil. Odysseus had fought for more than ten years in the Trojan War before he came up with the idea of wooden horse. This was probable the reason why wily or c rafty was attached to his name. Odysseus incurred another decade on the way before arriving home after blinding Poseidon’s Cyclops son that brought a wrath to him. This delayed him to arrive in time so this covers him and his crews return way to Ithaca from Trojan War. (Jonathan, 2004) Dilemma of Odyssey Though the ancient Greeks great epic poems were attributed to the confusing figure of homer, not much is known about him and the contribution of odyssey beyond his name being attached to the poems. There is some doubt whether homer was the real author of Odyssey and Iliad. Homer played a primary role in shaping the master work, much is said about the probability of his contribution, if he is the real author, he must be a great literature artist. Odysseys are the most influential poems; Odysseus epics are used in the Greek education and culture throughout the age and have formed a backbone of human education from the time of Roman Empire and spread of Christianity. The translation of odysseys have brought an impact on Renaissance culture of Italy, this have helped in forming European tradition. The poems are of some use in determining when Homer and Odysseus lived, this gives a clue that make it easy to assume that they lived around 8th century, The Odyssey may belong closer to this period. The dilemma behind this is that odysseys were oral; this was to be passed through generations till the time of writing. Odysseus own means of poems are through singing. Another dilemma is what would affect the accuracy of when epics came to written form. (Michael, 1976) Conclusion Odysseus was a man of different character; no one could really describe his character confidently. He was a man of high moral and he used his cleverness to avoid what he wanted and avoid what seemed not good for him. During the Trojan War, Odysseus was a man his group could not do without; his mode of decision making was quite unique and stood as a pillar for the victory. The life of Odysseus was a life well lived, he left a legend behind that would become a literature to learned in European education, this was an epic that taught much of the Greeks’ empire and history.

Description Of The Social Disorganization Theory Criminology Essay

Description Of The Social Disorganization Theory Criminology Essay Criminology and other social sciences, examine numerous facets when attempting to explain what factors cause individuals to deviate from social norms Social disorganization theory,. Sociologists have established social structure theories in their efforts to connect behavior patterns to social-economic control and other social ecological factors (Social disorganization theory,). The social disorganization theory expanded from social structure theories; which states that neighborhoods with decaying social structures are more likely to have higher crime rates (The social costs,). Description of the Social Disorganization Theory Social Disorganization Theory was created by two sociologists, Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay who were connected to the University of Chicago. Due to the social problems afflicting Chicago, Shaw and McKay examined the predominant rates crime and delinquency (Wong). Creators Shaw and McKay theorized that disorganized communities plagued by poverty lacked strong social strength (Wong). In the early 1940s, Shaw and McKay conducted a study using an ecological concept of dominance, in order to explain the high percentage of criminal behavior that afflicted Chicago neighborhoods (Social disorganization theory,). Robert Park and Ernest Burgesss Concentric Zone Model was used in Shaw and McKays work (Wong). They identified five concentric zones illustrating social problems in Chicago. Shaw and McKay used this information to examine the juvenile delinquency rate in detail and to clarify why it was isolated to urban areas (Wong). Shaw and McKay believed that social disorganization was linked to immigrant groups relocating to more desirable neighborhoods Shaw and McKay discovered that high delinquency rates persisted in certain Chicago neighborhoods for long periods of time in spite of changes in the ethnic and cultural composition of these neighborhoods (Social disorganization theory, ). They discovered that neighborhoods ecological played a part in determining crime rates. Their research also revealed that high rates of crime occurred in communities that had a declining populations and property decay (Social disorganization theory,). Discussion of the Social disorganization Theory Social disorganization occurs when neighborhoods members fail to achieve united values or to solve mutual problems (Social disorganization and, ). Shaw and McKay connected social disorganization to poor unstable areas with ethnic diversity(Social disorganization and, ). Shaw and McKays studies connecting delinquency rates to physical characteristics established crucial evidences about the neighborhoods relates to crime and delinquency (Social disorganization and, ). Their work is still used as a guide today as a way of addressing crime in neighborhoods. A recent version of social disorganization theory states that strong social interactions prevent crime and delinquency (Social disorganization and, ). When members of neighborhoods are familiar with each other, the adults are more willing to get involved when children misbehave and watch for outsiders, in other words protect each other and their neighborhood (Social disorganization and, ). According to social disorganization theory, neighborhood characteristics such as poverty and ethnic diversity causes higher crime rates because they inhibit neighborhood members from working together (Social disorganization and, ). Judy Van Wyk, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, at the University of Rhode Island uses the social disorganization theory to reason that intimate violence is connected to disadvantage neighborhoods because residents lack social bonds with their neighbors (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). It is believed that residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods are unwilling to get involved or call the police in domestic disputes because they have weak ties to their neighbors. Women who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely to be socially isolated and are at greater risk of domestic violence (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). The National Surveys of Families and Households (NSFH) sample was designed to be representative of the general population of U.S. households and employed a multi-stage area probability sample. Data was gathered by conducting face-to-face interviews with 13,007 randomly selected adult respondents. The study finds that when the racial or socioecono mic configurations of neighborhoods reach certain values, neighborhoods are bound to change character (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). They go from being acceptable places to live for most people to being unattractive for everyone except for those who have no other choice. Change occurs mainly because whites or people of high socioeconomic status move out if they observe that too many blacks or poor persons are moving into the neighborhood (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). This migration decreases property values and generates an opportunity for those who were previously prevented from living in an area by high housing costs. Therefore, these neighborhoods become overrun with racial minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged persons (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). These changes lead to social disorganization which causes an increase in crime rates. Social disorganization can be demonstrated by the presence of people taking drugs on the streets, dealing drug, fighting in public, crime, prostitution, or other criminal and noncriminal activities that created a sense of danger and that is seen by neighborhood as signs of the collapse in social control (Gracia Herrero, 2007). Social disorganization shows the members that their neighborhoods are dangerous places. Therefore, rendering them too scared to take an active role in boosting social order in their neighborhood; this causes them to pull away from communal life. Using data from a national representative sample of 14,994 Spaniards18 years old and older, data was gathered through face-to-face interviews after choosing individuals by quotas of sex and age (Gracia Herrero, 2007). Results revealed that contributors seeing low or moderate neighborhood social disorganization exhibited a positive attitude toward reporting domestic violence against women as compared with contributors seeing high neighborhood social disorganization (Gracia Herrero, 2007). The outcomes support the theory that perceived neighborhood social disorganization is adversely related with residents attitudes toward reporting domestic violence against women, undoubtedly as a result of a weakened sense of trust and joint effectiveness. Conclusion As suggested above, social disorganization theory continues to dominate in clarifying the impact of neighborhood characteristics such as, poverty, ethnic diversity, and residential stability, on crime rates. Regarding the future, social disorganization theory will still be applied to various forms of crime and will continue to be the motivation behind criminologists and social scientists in their exploration of criminal behavior.

Reflective Essay: Alice in Wonderland -- Charles Lutwidge Dodgson Lewi

There and back again with Alice I gasp my hands on my knees, bent over, out of breath. I can feel my lungs compressing and pushing hard against my chest in an effort to fit just a little more air. My palms are wet, beads of sweat trickle down my forehead, making my hair feel wet and sticky. My shirt is drenched in sweat. I stare at the ground and see the stalks of grass, standing tall like trees to the tiny ants that scurry among them. What I must look like to those minuscule creatures, like a giant, so big that I block the blazing sun and give them shade. I wonder if they are afraid of me? I lift my eyes and glance ahead. I’m almost there, only a couple more meters. I hear footsteps behind me, they’re catching up quickly. It’s now or never. I push off with my back foot and go into a sprint. My heart speeds up, almost as fast as I’m running and I can hear its pounding in my head, like a prisoner beating on locked doors, wanting to be free. If it had feet of it’s own it might run alongside me and race me to the fort, but that’s silly, hearts don’t have feet. I swing my arms back and forth to help me run faster and I try to take longer strides. I’m running so fast now, I feel like everything around me is standing still, as if I’m the only thing in the world that is moving. I don’t want to stop running, I want to keep going, faster and faster, forever. Now I understand why my heart pounds so hard, why it tries to push out of my chest and run on its little feet and never stop, never look back. But I canno t keep on running forever, I have to stop. My legs finally give in and I plop onto the stiff ground. The dust sticks to my sweaty clothes and turns into mud. I take big, loud breaths but I cannot hear myself because my heart is sti... ...in a scientific experiment. Everything is set to provide you with the perfect living conditions, the right amount of food, water, the right temperature, etc. And while you’re in that perfect, controlled environment you feel safe, you feel happy and yet, somewhere lingering in the depths of your mind is the gnawing sensation that at any given moment someone will unscrew the lid on your jar and let in the wrong air, that you will be forced to wake up from your perfect world and dragged, kicking and screaming into the world that everyone else lives in. That is my fear. That I will wake up one day and not be able to return to the world in my dreams but that I will have to learn to survive in the real world. Much like the adventuresome Alice, my wish is to live somewhere between the non fiction and fantasy of daily life, to allow the lines to be blurry. But how blurry?

Japan Caught Between US and China :: essays research papers

Japan caught up in U.S.-China spat Japan came under criticism in the fallout of a heated exchange between the United States and China over Taiwan at the Asia Security Conference here. In fact, some participants said Japan-not China-is the country creating the most fears in Asia. The three-day conference, hosted by the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies, ended Sunday. A key topic of debate was a Japan-U.S. agreement reached in February on common strategic objectives-including how to deal with Taiwan. The joint statement said the objective was to "encourage the peaceful resolution of issues concerning the Taiwan Strait through dialogue." In his speech in Singapore on Saturday, U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld questioned the validity of China's increased military spending when the country faced no threats, as well as its heightened deployment of ballistic missiles aimed at Taiwan. Cui Tiankai, director-general of the Asian Affairs Department at China's Foreign Ministry, retorted by asking Rumsfeld if the United States felt threatened by the stronger presence of China. Rumsfeld had to diplomatically admit there was no such threat. However, in a subsequent question-and-answer session, both Rumsfeld and Defense Agency chief Yoshinori Ono were asked about the common strategic objective pertaining to Taiwan. Ralph Cossa, president of the Pacific Forum, which is affiliated with the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies, asked Rumsfeld for his interpretation of reports in many Asian nations that the common strategic objective meant Japan and the United States would act together to defend Taiwan. Rumsfeld only said that the contents of the joint statement were in the public domain. Cossa then asked Ono about the growing perception in Asia that Japan and the United States would contain China as a means of defending Taiwan. Ono simply responded that the joint statement should be read carefully. In response to questions from The Asahi Shimbun, one of the sponsors of the conference, Cossa said many nations in East Asia were concerned about Japan's defense policy. "With the issue of Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's visits to Yasukuni Shrine also coming into the picture, the view is emerging among Asian countries that the nation truly to be afraid of is not China, but Japan," said a Singapore-based researcher. The latest Asia Security Conference saw the first participation of a delegation of Chinese government officials.

127 Hours Essay

127 Hours is the true story of mountain climber Aron Ralston’s remarkable adventure to save himself after a fallen boulder crashes on his arm and traps him in an isolated canyon in Utah. Over the next five days Ralston examines his life and survives the elements to finally discover he has the courage and the wherewithal to extricate himself by any means necessary, scale a 65 foot wall and hike over eight miles before he can be rescued. Throughout his journey, Ralston recalls friends, lovers, family, and the two hikers he met before his accident. Outdoor adventurist Aron Ralston believes he’s invincible and can do it all alone while on his outdoor adventures. He considers the great outdoors his second home. On Saturday, April 26, 2003, Aron has gone for an adventure trek alone through the generally secluded Blue John Canyon, and like he has done on many of his other treks, he has not told anyone where he is going. But on this day, he and a small boulder fall down a crevi ce, he landing near the bottom of the crevice virtually unharmed, but with his right hand wedged between the boulder and the crevice wall. He has access to his gear and his small supply of rations as he tries to move the boulder or chip away at it so that he can get his wedged hand free. As either task seems impossible, he hopes for someone to rescue him. Those most likely candidates are Kristi and Megan, two women he met earlier that day who are the only two who know that he is in the canyon, or his boss Brion, who may list him as missing if he doesn’t show up for his scheduled work time on Tuesday (three days away). As time goes on and he deals not only with the boulder and lack of rations but also with the extreme weather conditions, he begins to think about his mortality, his mind often going toward his loving but somewhat distant relationship with his family, or his last broken love with a woman named Rana. As he films himself (as a goodbye message to his family) often with his mind wandering, he, during his more lucid moments, also thinks about the possibility of trying to sever his arm as he will lose it a nyway if he survives this ordeal. On April 2003, the engineer, climber and canyoneer Aron Ralston travels to Blue John Canyon without telling anyone to spend the weekend doing what he likes to do: climb the isolated canyon. He meets the teenagers Kristi and Megan that are lost and they spend a couple of hours together bathing in a lake in a cave. He says goodbye to them and while descending a canyon crack, a chockstone comes loose rolling onto his arm. Aron realizes that he is stuck and he tries to find a way to release the stone. Along five days short of water and without food, Aron becomes delusional and recalls his family and friends. After the fifth day, he decides to sever his forearm to survive.

Macy’s Department Store Repositioning Essay

Executive Summary As the global recession happened, the traditional department stores were experiencing consistently declining sales and market share. Also, the traditional department stores industry is between mature and decline stage of life cycle. Macy’s changed parts of their strategy and consolidation that focuses on localizing management, strengthening supplier relationships and providing products and customer service based on local consumer preferences. However, the consolidation was not with problems. With dealing these problems Macy’s changed parts of the strategy as following: * Continuing to adjust its portfolio of store. * Focusing on Fashion. * Continuing to develop and debut Macy’s private labels in bedding, outwears etc. * Increasing national advertising with emphasis on fashion and service. Statement of the problem/opportunity/and objectives The tradition department stores were one of the areas hit by the recession. While some companies dropped previously supported causes and programs, Macy’s got more profit and market share through repositioning strategy and consolidation, even with the rough economic times. Analysis of the situation External and internal Macy’s is a kind of traditional department store, and consolidation in 2005, at that time the economy is quite good. In 2008, the broad environment is not good; the economy of U.S. entered a recession. The sales of Macy’s are decreased. Also, in 2011, the price of gasoline and cotton were increased. This increased the cost of Macy’s. So the profit and market share of Macy’s reduced. As the department stores industry was attracting fewer and fewer consumers, Macy’s entered into the declining industry life cycle model. The recession and the declining industry life cycle model are both negatively affect the success of Macy’s. Although the external factors are not good, the internal factors are very good for Macy’s. One such factor was Macy’s has the national recognition. Another positive factor is Macy’s is really strong. It has 810 stores across the United States. Thirdly, Macy’s has the experience management. Macy’s was founded between 1843 and 1855 in downtown Haverhill, Massachusetts. Department stores created for â€Å"one-stop shopping†, Moreover, they had specific experience in converting regional brands to the Macy’s brand. A fourth factor contributing to the successful consolidation was that Macy’s made their stores on prime locations. These internal factors are positive for the success of Macy’s. Porter’s five –forces model Porter’s five –forces model describes the competitive environment in terms of five basic competitive forces: 1. The threat of new entrants. Macy’s had more competitors because more and more self-made fashion lines join to the market to get the market shares, such as H&M, Forever 21. Self-made fashion brands remodeled for more pleasant shopping experience. It is the threat for Macy’s. Also, the developed national stores have the lower cost and overcome quality and service same as Macy’s, it cause the competition. 2. The bargaining power of buyers. Buyers threaten an industry by forcing down price, bargaining for higher quality or more service, and playing competitors against each other. Macy’s has lower cost but because of the bad economic, the customers have little bargaining power. Secondly, Macy’s already had everyday value. They give lower price means they will get lower profit. Low profit creates incentives to lower purchasing costs. However, highly profitable buyers are generally less price sensitive. 3. The bargaining power of suppliers. Supplier power refers to the ability of providers of inputs to determine the price and terms of supply. Suppliers can exert power over firms industry by raising prices or reducing the quality of purchased goods and services, so reducing profitability. After Macy’s consolidation, Macy’s bought mass amounts from same buyers and Macy’s have strong relationship with these buyers. The bargaining power of suppliers is really high. 4. The threat of substitute products and services. All firms and industry compete with other industries offering substitute products or services. The threat of substitute products and services was the major concern, particularly with discounters such as Target offering similar products, and large chain that specialized in clothes such as H&M. 5. The intensity of the rivalry among competitors in an industry Rivalry refers to the degree to which firms respond to competitive moves of the other firms in the industry. Macy’s repositioned its industry segment to the upper middle level. Macy’s decided to change the strategy, they will be more fashionable and fashion at lower price. Also Macy’s change the brand to focus in attracting customers interested in fashion rather than customers in a specific demographic. Unique and a sustainable competitive advantage Macy’s repositioned itself as an upper-middle level store is easily imitable. Other department stores also can position as the same level. But Macy’s attempt to become â€Å"America’s department store† is something that other, small department stores cannot imitate. Also, Macy’s focus on less traditional and conservative than other department stores is a flawed value proposition, but it is not a bad one. Because of some of the consumers may like the traditional Macy’s. Consolidating brands to allow for lower prices is a good way to cut cost and to be unique. Identification and evaluation of alternatives Macy’s consolidation and repositioning strategy is really good and Macy’s did the best decisions. Because as the external environment is bad but Macy’s use itself internal advantage to consolidate and reposition to gain back the market share and profit. Consolidation and repositioning strategy help Macy’s get more brand power, prime location and improved consumer experience. Additional Macy’s got consumers focus on the affordable fashion. However, it also came with some problems such as uncertain industry conditions, excess costs and emphasis on standardization. Macy’s Future As Macy’s pursued an aggressive strategy in 2011, Macy’s was doing well. Almost everybody knows the everyday value of Macy’s and Macy’s afford the â€Å"America department store†. But department stores industry is in declining and competition is growing rapidly. Macy’s has recently instituted the strategy to compete in a tough market. So Macy’s is doing well and have huge advantage, but maybe other department stores will catch up and overcome in following years. Macy’s may change strategy when economy, competition change.

Parenting In Pride and Prejudice Essay

The novel Pride and Prejudice involves many topics and symbolizes different aspects of life and behavior of people. In this essay I am going to analyze and discuss the theme of parenthood. I will only comment on the characters that are parents or come over as parents, namely, Mr. Bennet, Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Gardiner, Mrs. Gardiner and Lady Catherine De Bourgh. The last character mentioned may not come over as a parent but she acts like one. To begin with, I will start talking about the Bennet family. If we look at the Bennets with modern eyes, we could say that their behavior towards their daughters is very different from how parents get along with their children nowadays. In modern society parents do not marry of their children, we could see this as old fashioned. But in the 19th century the wealthy families wanted that their descendants married other wealthy families in order to save their property. The happiness and feelings of the children did not matter to the parents as we can see in Pride and Prejudice. Mr. Bennet loves his family but he detaches from them in order not to get involved with their lives. He gets on really well with Elizabeth because they both are the most intelligent members of the Bennet family. But as the novel evolves he turns into a father that is weak and in critical moments he fails his family. For instance, he fails his family when Lydia runs off with Wickham. [†¦] â€Å"My dear Mr. Bennet,† said his lady to him one day, â€Å"have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?† Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. â€Å"But it is,† returned she; â€Å"for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it.† Mr. Bennet made no answer. â€Å"Do not you want to know who has taken it?† cried his wife impatiently. â€Å"You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.† [†¦] (Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Volume I, Chapter I, page 5) In this short extract of the novel Pride and Prejudice a lot is shown about Mr. Bennet and his wife. In the first six lines it is seen that Mr. Bennet does not care that someone has come to live to Netherfield Park. Instead his wife insists on telling him everything she knows about it. Mr. Bennet, to me, does not care and in a way teases his wife by being so uninterested. He knows that this behavior makes his wife very nervous but the last line takes all the tension away. You expect a huge quarrel but instead you read this line and, at least I was, a little bit astonished because I did not expect that answer, reality from him. Going back to the topic of parenting this extract is quite interesting. It shows that Mr. Bennet is passive about everything that has to do with his daughters but, on the other hand, Mrs. Bennet wants to know everything that is going on because she wants to marry off her daughters to a wealthy gentleman. She can only think of that. She does not care at all about the feeling of her daughters. [†¦] â€Å"Dining out,† said Mrs. Bennet, â€Å"that is very unlucky.† â€Å"Can I have the carriage,† said Jane. â€Å"No, my dear, you had better go on horseback, because it seems likely to rain; and then you must stay all night.† â€Å"That would be a good scheme,† said Elizabeth, â€Å"if you were sure that they would not offer to send her home.† â€Å"Oh! But the gentleman will have Mr. Bingley’s chaise to go to Meryton; and Hursts have no horses theirs.† â€Å"I much rather go in the coach.† â€Å"But, my dear, your father cannot spare the horses, I am sure. They are wanted in the farm, Mr. Bennet, are they not?† (Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Volume I, Chapter 7, page 31) Here we can see the clear interest of Mrs. Bennet towards Jane, the oldest daughter. She wants her daughter to go to the lunch and to stay over there because it probably will rain. Even though there is a chance that Jane gets ill, Mrs. Bennet insists on Jane going over to the lunch. This behavior shows the readers that she cares about her daughter but, she only wants to be sure that the property and everything that they posses will not end up with Mr. Bennet’s cousin. Mrs. Bennet continues to behave in this way during whole the novel. At no point, the reader can see affection from Mrs. Bennet towards her daughters. Certainly, we can see no motherly behavior; she never gets involved with the daily chores of the house or with the personal hygiene of her daughters. Something that mothers nowadays do a lot, getting involved with her children’s life. Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner are very different from Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. The Gardiners do care about the feeling of their children. In this case they get along very well with Jane and Elizabeth and help them with the struggle they have with Bingley and Darcy. We can see that Mrs. Gardiner cares for her nieces because she does things to protect the girls, so as to prevent them to do certain things they might regret in the future. She protects them as a mother should do, she gives them advice, and she listens to the girls. Mrs. Gardiner is the opposite of Mrs. Bennet. The former involves more in the lives of the girls and guides them through it while the latter just wants that her daughters to marry some rich man in order not to lose their possessions they have at Longbourn. In the next extract the readers can see what kind of a woman Mrs. Gardiner is: [†¦] Her aunt assured her that she was; and Elizabeth having thanked her for the kindness of her hinds, they parted; a wonderful instance of advice being given on such a point, without being resented. [†¦] (Austen, Volume II, Chapter III, page 143) Austen describes Mr. Gardiner in the following way: â€Å"Mr. Gardiner was a sensible, gentlemanlike man, greatly superior to his sister as well by nature as education.†(Austen, Volume II, Chapter 2, page 137) Although Mr. Gardiner does not appear much in the novel he is present every time his carrying wife appears. Frankly, every time Mrs. Gardiner appears I imagine that her husband is involved in the conversation and thought of his wife. Lady Catherine De Bourgh is Darcy’s aunt and she does not want that some girl, especially not with lower social wealth marries her nephew. Lady De Bourgh is a very wealthy woman and with this she thinks that she has to tell other people how, why and when they should do things or not. When she finds out that Elizabeth is very fond of Darcy she asks Elizabeth many questions; on the one hand, to let Elizabeth know that she is more intelligent and from a higher social class; on the other hand, to maybe scare Elizabeth off. If we analyze this behavior taking in consideration parenthood, we could say that she is protective and cares about her family. After all, the reader knows who and what kind of woman she is and that all those questions are just for personal interest and not to help her nephew Darcy. To conclude, I would like to say that many different manners of being a parent appear in the novel. We have seen the Bennet family, the Gardiner family and Lady Catherine De Bourgh. We could say that the Mr. and Mrs. Bennet are cold people; they do not care about the feelings of their children and they only care about their reputation and social wealth. On the other hand the Gardiners are protective towards the Bennet girls. They try to help them by giving them advice and to talk to other people to find out in what situation the girls are putting themselves into. Last but not least, Lady Catherine De Bourgh. She is from a wealthy social class and does everything she can so that no one with a lower social wealth comes into her family. Finally she has to accept that Elizabeth and Darcy get married. In the end I could say that different types of parenthood appear in the novel. To me, parents should get involved in the life of their children, to protect them and prevent them of making mistakes they will regret. Being a good parent involves being there for your children and not to act in your personal interest. The only family that is honest, to me, is the Gardiner family.

Mangment this is a paper for studying mangment in an academic setting for MBA Essay

The factors that affect the productivity of PATs include the size of incentive bonuses paid to workers, base pay increases, perfect attendance bonuses, the size of the fringe benefits package, how favorably the overall size of a company’s compensation package compares with the industry-average compensation package, expenditures for PAT training and productivity improvement, and changes in the number of models. Perfect attendance bonuses, how much overtime is offered to PATs so as to boost their take-home pay, how many PATs are laid off, the percentage of newly-hired PATs, the percentage use of temporary PATs, and PAT compensation levels. P/Q ratings, the warranty claim rates, the amount of overtime, the percentage of cameras outsourced, and how many cameras are assembled each quarter. the complexity of the company’s camera designs; a company’s cumulative spending for new product R&D, engineering and design; the number of models; camera body ergonomics/durability; and the number of camera components. PAT training and experience, the number of PATs laid off, base pay increases, warranty claim rates, and P/Q ratings †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The interest rate a company pays on loans outstanding depends on its credit rating. How much it has borrowed against its credit line and its debt-assets ratio. How many consecutive years the company has been profitable, its current ratio, and its ROE Its net profit margins, ROE, and amount of cash on hand to make interest payments Its current ratio, global market share, debt-assets ratio, net profits, and balance sheet strength †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The company maintains a production facility in the United States. Japan. China. Germany. Taiwan. The decisions that company co-managers make each year are organized around new product R&D, components production, work force management, advertising and marketing, and finance. supply chain management, assembly, distribution, sales force management, advertising and marketing, customer service, and finance. components production and assembly, distribution and retailer relations, advertising and promotion, customer service, and accounting. supply chain management, components production, assembly, distribution and dealer relations, sales and marketing, and cash flow management. marketing and promotions, product design, assembly/shipping, compensation and labor force, and finance.

Environmental Protection In India Environmental Sciences Essay

Over the old ages, together with a spreading of environmental consciousness, there has been a alteration in the traditionally-held perceptual experience that there is a tradeoff between environmental quality and economic growing as people have come to believe that the two are needfully complementary. The current focal point on environment is non new-environmental considerations have been an built-in portion of the Indian civilization. The demand for preservation and sustainable usage of natural resources has been expressed in Indian Bibles, more than three thousand old ages old and is reflected in the constitutional, legislative and policy model as besides in the international committednesss of the state. Section 1: Legislations for environmental protection in India, Section 2: Autochthonal Peopless, Section 3: Autochthonal Peopless and Scientific Legislations Legislations for environmental protection in India Even before India ‘s independency in 1947, several environmental statute law existed but the existent drift for conveying about a well-developed model came merely after the UN Conference on the Human Environment ( Stockholm, 1972 ) . Under the influence of this declaration, the National Council for Environmental Policy and Planning within the Department of Science and Technology was set up in 1972. This Council subsequently evolved into a fully fledged Ministry of Environment and Forests ( MoEF ) in 1985 which today is the apex administrative organic structure in the state for modulating and guaranting environmental protection. After the Stockholm Conference, in 1976, constitutional countenance was given to environmental concerns through the 42ndA Amendment, which incorporated them into the Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Rights and Duties. Since the 1970s an extended web of environmental statute law has grown in the state. The MoEF and the pollution control boards ( CPCB i.e. Cardinal Pollution Control Board and SPCBs i.e. State Pollution Control Boards ) together form the regulative and administrative nucleus of the sector. A policy model has besides been developed to complement the legislative commissariats. The Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution and the National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development were brought out by the MoEF in 1992, to develop and advance enterprises for the protection and betterment of the environment. The EAP ( Environmental Action Programme ) was formulated in 1993 with the aim of bettering environmental services and incorporating environmental considerations in to development programmes. Other steps have besides been taken by the authorities to protect and continue the environment. Several sector-specific policies have evolved, which are discussed at length in the concerned chapters. This chapter attempts to foreground merely legislative enterprises towards the protection of the environment. Forests and wildlife The Wildlife ( Protection ) Act, 1972, Amendment 1991 The WPA ( Wildlife Protection Act ) , 1972, provides for protection to listed species of vegetations and zoologies and establishes a web of ecologically-important protected countries. The WPA empowers the cardinal and province authoritiess to declare any country a wildlife sanctuary, national park or closed country. There is a cover prohibition on transporting out any industrial activity inside these protected countries. It provides for governments to administrate and implement the Act ; modulate the hunting of wild animate beings ; protect specified workss, sanctuaries, national Parkss and closed countries ; curtail trade or commercialism in wild animate beings or carnal articles ; and assorted affairs. The Act prohibits hunting of animate beings except with permission of authorised officer when an animate being has become unsafe to human life or belongings or so handicapped or diseased as to be beyond recovery ( WWF-India, 1999 ) . The near-total prohibition on hunting was made mor e effectual by the Amendment Act of 1991.AThe Forest ( Conservation ) Act, 1980 This Act was adopted to protect and conserve woods. The Act restricts the powers of the province in regard of de-reservation of woods and usage of forestland for non-forest intents ( the term ‘non-forest intent ‘ includes uncluttering any forestland for cultivation of hard currency harvests, plantation harvests, gardening or any intent other than reforestation ) . A Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986 ( EPA ) This Act is an umbrella statute law designed to supply a model for the co-ordination of cardinal and province governments established under the Water ( Prevention and Control ) Act, 1974 and Air ( Prevention and Control ) Act, 1981. Under this Act, the cardinal authorities is empowered to take steps necessary to protect and better the quality of the environment by puting criterions for emanations and discharges ; modulating the location of industries ; direction of risky wastes, and protection of public wellness and public assistance. From clip to clip the cardinal authorities issues presentments under the EPA for the protection of ecologically-sensitive countries or issues guidelines for affairs under the EPA. The Environment ( Protection ) Rules, 1986 These regulations lay down the processs for puting criterions of emanation or discharge of environmental pollutants. The Rules prescribe the parametric quantities for the Cardinal Government, under which it can publish orders of prohibition and limitations on the location and operation of industries in different countries. The Rules lay down the process for taking samples, functioning notice, subjecting samples for analysis and research lab studies. The maps of the research labs are besides described under the Rules along with the makings of the concerned analysts.AThe National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 This Act provided for the constitution of a National Environment Appellate Authority to hear entreaties with regard to limitation of countries in which any industry operation or procedure or category of industries, operations or procedures could non transport out or would be allowed to transport out capable to certain precautions under the Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986.AInternational understandings on environmental issuesIndia has signed several many-sided environment understandings ( MEA ) and conventions, such as: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild zoologies and vegetations ( CITES ) , 1973, to modulate and suppress international commercial trade of endangered species or derivative merchandises. Its purposes to counter the economic inducements of poaching endangered species and destructing their home ground by shuting off the international market. India became a party to the CITES in 1976. International trade in all wild vegetations and zoologies in general and species covered under CITES is regulated jointly through the commissariats of The Wildlife ( Protection ) Act 1972, the Import/Export policy of Government of India and the Customs Act 1962 ( Bajaj, 1996 ) . Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 is a lawfully adhering pact. It deals with preservation of biodiversity, sustainable usage of biological resources and just sharing of benefits originating from their sustainable usage. It addresses several concerns such as including habitat saving, rational belongings rights, and autochthonal peoples ‘ rights. India ‘s enterprises under the Convention include the announcement of the Wildlife ( Protection ) Act of 1972, amended in 1991 ; and engagement in several international conventions such as CITES.An appraisal of the legal and regulative model for environmental protection in IndiaThe extent of the environmental statute law web is apparent from the above treatment but the enforcement of the Torahs has been a affair of concern. One normally cited ground is the prevalent bid and control nature of the environmental government. Coupled with this is the prevalence of the all-or-none attack of the jurisprudence ; they do non see the extent of misdemeanor. Fines are levied on a level footing and in add-on, there are no inducements to take down the discharges below prescribed degrees. In 1995, the Ministry of Environment and Forest ( MoEF ) constituted a undertaking force which strongly advocated the usage of market-based instruments for the control of environmental pollution. Assorted economic inducements have been used to supplement the command-and-control policies. Depreciation allowances, freedoms from excise or imposts duty payment, and agreement of soft loans for the acceptance of clean engineerings are cases of such inducements. Another facet that is apparent is the displacement in the focal point from end-of-pipe intervention of pollution to intervention at beginning. The function of distant detection and geographical information systems in natural resource direction and environmental protection has besides gained importance over clip. An of import recent development is the rise of judicial activism in the enforcement of environmental statute law. This is reflected in the growing of environment-related public judicial proceeding instances that have led the tribunals to take major stairss such as telling the shut-down of fouling mills. Agenda 21 high spots the demand for integrating of environmental concerns at all phases of policy, be aftering and decision-making procedures including the usage of an effectual legal and regulative model, economic instruments and other inducements. These really rules were cardinal to steering environmental protection in the state good before Rio and will be reinforced, pulling on India ‘s ain experiences and those of other states.The Indigenous PeoplessIn India, the autochthonal peoples are preponderantly composed of the big and diverse tribal populations scattered across several provinces. Anthropological literature suggests that the tribal appellation arose as a colonial concept, in which all those populating on the borders of mainstream agricultural society but within the construction of the Hindu caste system were delineated as â€Å" crude † and â€Å" tribal † . In Indian linguistic communications, there is no exact equivalent for the word â€Å" tribal â €  , but near equivalent words are vanavasis ( forest inhabitants ) or adivasi ( original dwellers ) . The 1891 Census Report arranged different castes harmonizing to their traditional businesss, and forest folks were assigned a separate class from that of agricultural and pastoral castes. Therefore, both etymologically every bit good as spatially, the lives and supports of tribal communities in India are per se linked with woods. It has been argued that the definition of autochthonal peoples as â€Å" original colonists † is debatable in the Indian context. Sociologists like Dube ( 1977 ) and Beteille ( 1998 ) have pointed out that â€Å" tribal traditions themselves make reA ­peated reference of migration of their ascendants. There is considerable grounds to propose that several groups were pushed out of the countries that they were foremost settled and had to seek shelter elsewhere. † Today more than 50 million of tribal people live in and around woods. There is a clear convergence between the wood and the tribal maps of the state, every bit good as an convergence with poorness ( Poffenberger and McGean 1996 ) At present, approximately 95 % of the entire forest country belongs to the governA ­ment, and the tribal population of India has been divested of much of its legal communal rights. This is a major practical concern, because the rural economic system of India is mostly biomass-based. Peoples are straight depenA ­dent on woods and common lands for a assortment of non-commercial-timber wood merchandises for nutrient and fuel, little lumber for lodging, and herbs and medicative workss for run intoing their subsistence support demands. In the absence of alternate beginnings of supports or an ability to eke out nutriment from fringy landholdings, there is a continued high degree of dependance on woods for endurance. The widely used province right of â€Å" high sphere † allows the province to get private and common belongings for public intents. The eminent sphere right has remained supreme, overruling all other policies, Torahs, and ordinances. It is under the right of eminent sphere that the province acquires land to construct substructure, mines, dikes, and other undertakings. With an estimated $ 30 billion proposed as investing in mining-related undertakings in the following decennary, communal land will go on to be a site of intense struggle between tribal people and the province. The invasion of the province on woods and customary term of office rights of tribal forest-dwelling communities did non travel undisputed during the colonial and postcolonial periods. Undeterred by the commissariats of the Indian Forest Act of 1927, many tribal groups have mounted a sustained challenge to the continued denial of their communal rights over woods. The illustration of the new wave panchayets ( forest councils ) demonstrates this point. In response to agitaA ­tions, the colonial authorities bit by bit recognized the being of some local community rights over woods and their resources, and these were incorporated in the Indian Forest Act of 1927. The act provides for constiA ­tuting â€Å" small town woods † to run into local demands, and this led to the creative activity of forest councils in Uttar Pradesh through a new province jurisprudence passed in 1931. All the â€Å" de-reserved † fringy reserved woods were reclassified into Class 1 woods and placed under the legal power of the new wave panchayets, in which local tribal communities play a cardinal function in forest disposal. More than 4,000 van panchayets were created, although the country under their control did non transcend 8 % of the entire forest country of India. Nonetheless, they represent an illustration of a forest term of office system in which communal tenA ­ure is recognized by jurisprudence ( Sarin 2003 ) . ‘Indigenous people and their communities represent a important per centum of planetary population. They have developed over many coevalss, a holistic traditional scientific cognition of their lands, natural resources and environment aˆÂ ¦In position of the interA ­relationship between the natural environment and its sustainable development and the cultural, societal, economic and physical wellbeing of autochthonal people, national and international attempts to implement environmentally sound and sustainable development should recognize, suit, advance and beef up the function of autochthonal people and their communities ‘ . The above infusion from Agenda 21 ( UNCED, 1992 ) , competently captures the demand for increased acknowledgment of autochthonal people and their cognition of natural resource direction and its usage in sustainable development.Integration of autochthonal people and scientific wood directionAutochthonal forest direction activities may arise in specific countries in response to specific force per unit areas, but this does non forestall them from following and transforming appropriate constituents of scientific forest direction systems through interaction and shared experience. Indeed there is a demand to advance equity of forest direction systems between autochthonal communities and formal forestry scientists around the universe ( Agarwal, 1995 ) . This procedure of incorporating two forest direction systems is indispensable to accomplishing sustainable forest direction. There is no fixed method of turn toing the constrictions in integrating of autochthonal and scientific cognition, al ternatively the methods chosen will change harmonizing to what is appropriate and executable within the institutional, ecological, and societal environments in which they operate. The Indian Forest Policy of 1988 ( MoEF, 1988 ) and the subsequent Government declaration on participatory wood direction ( MoEF, 1990 ) emphasise the demand for people ‘s engagement in forest direction. The policy papers asserts that local people should be actively involved in protection, preservation and direction of woods. Hence the policy envisages a procedure of joint direction of woods by the province authorities ( professional Foresters ) and the local people. So far, out of 25 province authoritiess, 23 provinces have adopted Joint Forest Management ( JFM ) . As on the 1st January 2000, 10.24 million hour angle of forestlands were managed under the JFM programme through 36 075 wood protection commissions ( MoEF, 2000 ) . Evidence of long standing local forest direction patterns can be found in assorted parts of India peculiarly in eastern and north-eastern parts. Despite increasing force per unit areas with the increased population, ordinances sing resource usage and harvest aid in pull offing woods in a sustainable manner. As the JFM programme has evolved, there are clear indicants that the programme has had considerable impact on local ecology, economic sciences, and the people ( Yadav et al. , 1997 ) . Initially the relationship between the local people and forest section was strained and lacked trust. Regular interaction and participatory acquisition and planning activities has facilitated an unfastened duologue and removed common misgiving between functionaries of forest section and local people. Viewed in the visible radiation of the adaptative acquisition theoretical account, it was found that exchange and interaction of scientific and autochthonal facets of forest direction within the context of JFM have resulted in ecological betterment and increase in mean household income after four-five old ages of strong JFM activities. ETFRN Publication Series Local people every bit good as Foresters identify with the JFM programme. They take pride in being portion of the programme and are recognizing its benefits. Based on the successful experience of JFM, irrigation, wellness, and agribusiness sectors are besides now puting an accent on integrating of autochthonal and scientific cognition through people ‘s engagement in resource direction. However existent integrating of scientific and autochthonal direction systems is still seldom achieved, and in showing the theoretical account I aim to do more expressed the chances for making so, and highlight ways frontward for the uninterrupted procedure of adaptative acquisition.DecisionThere is a demand to beef up autochthonal community establishments to let them to work efficaciously and interact with outside histrions. Appropriate policy reforms are required to include these establishments in authorities plans and strategies, and supply support for capacity edifice to enable them to work in a democratic and crystalline mode, guaranting societal and gender equity. It is necessary to place common parametric quantities among different autochthonal community establishments and develop steering rules, procedures, and mechanisms that allow better interface between the establishments, local authorities, and proficient bureaus. To promote sustainably productive wood direction by communities, there is a demand to extinguish harvest home and conveyance license demands where possible and create free forest trade zones for community endeavors in highland countries of the Northeast. Community webs should be established or strengthened to self-monitor environmental impacts of small-scale forestry endeavors. As a consequence of transporting colonial luggage, the Indian Forest Act and the environmental jurisprudence in general still caters to the British policies with regard to Indian woods. This jurisprudence is ideal tool for fostering the cause of gross generation.Conservation and affecting the people in the direction of woods were non the British attack. Newer statute laws such as the Forest ( Conservation ) Act, Wildlife Protoection Act, The Biological Diversity Act, and most late the Scheduled Tribes Bill have made efforts to bridge this spread, with ample support from the Courts. It is clip though to take up all the Torahs and unite them to come up with a composite and comprehensive Environmental Law that reflects the alteration in attack towards the environment and the autochthonal people who live most incorporate with it.

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The Lottery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Principles of Management and Elements of Control - Assignment Example The American Red Cross website can be accessed at http://www.redcross.org/. Questions have been raised about how a nonprofit organization can become more popular and effective -than other organizations such as for-profit organizations offering similar services. There are various points that account for its success and these are stipulated in the fundamental principles of Global Red Cross Network (American Red Cross 2013). One of the principles is that of Humanity, which stipulates that the teams would always work to alleviate all forms of human suffering without discriminating any affected person. The principle of humanity eventually fosters friendship, mutual understanding, peace and cohesion amongst the population it serves. The second principle is that of impartiality which prevents the team from engaging in practices that amount to discrimination based on religiosity, political stand, nationality and social and economic class. Rather, all practices should be informed by the individual needs while giving consideration to the most urgent and critical issues. The third principle, which is closely related to the principle of impartiality, is that of neutrality that bars the team from taking sides in the political, social, religious and ideological controversies. The fourth principle is that of independence. This principle guides that the team should work without undue influence from the third parties such as national politics and religiosity. This is aimed at ensuring that the teams maintain their autonomy. The fifth principle is that of Voluntary service, which rules that the team is not supposed to engage in practices that are profit oriented. The sixth principles is that of unity, which emphasizes that members of the teams should work together to realize the set goals while touching every person in  need, regardless of the country’s geographical region. The last principles are that of universality, which acknowledges that every society across the globe has an equal status and have equal responsibilities in improving the life of every person.  

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Human Rights and Oil Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Human Rights and Oil Companies - Essay Example It also examines prominent cases under the Alien Tort Statute of 1789. The paper goes on to view some codes of best practice in relation to the operations of American multinationals and petroleum companies overseas in relation to human rights. The paper concludes with the writer's opinions and findings about the subject. Human Rights â€Å"Human rights create entitlements and are fundamentally different from rights established solely as state obligations that cannot be claimed by the beneficiaries† (Kalin & Kunzli 32). This implies that human rights refer to some inherent rights that people must be granted irrespective of their status and situation. In other words, human rights are not conditional. In includes the right that any human being must be granted in any situation or condition. Although beneficiaries of human rights are individuals, they are sometimes asserted by minorities in various collective forms (Kalin & Kunzli 32). In other words, people can come together a gro up to demand their human rights in a collective manner. This can be done through group actions like protests on the street or universal adult suffrage elections like a referendum or plebiscite to choose a given option. Human rights are constitutive and not regulative (Milne 103). This is in line with John Locke's view on natural right which requires people to be granted certain rights without having to work for it (Donelly 18). These rights are based on moral vision. This should generally include natural justice wich involves the right to life and the right to fair trial and justice on the part of all human beings. No one must decide whether to grant those rights or not. They are inherent and there are no conditions or exceptions that can be attached to such rules. In a nation, there are three main conceptions that ensure that human rights are entrenched and observed throughout the nation (Milne 104). First of all, human rights are guaranteed where there is the rule of law. In other words, human rights can be guaranteed if there is a constitution and the constitution guarantees some inherent and inalienable rights of people in a given society. Secondly, the supremacy of human rights laws must be guaranteed. And thirdly, there should be equality before the law in the interpretation of human rights law. Due to the supremacy and entrenched nature of human rights, all groups and units within a given nation must honor these laws. This therefore means that businesses in every nation, whether they are international or local, should honor human rights laws. Human rights laws are internationally guaranteed (Kalin & Kunzli 32). This therefore means that there is an international framework within which human rights can be discharged. Laws that Protect Humans Rights In every nation, the constitution and fundamental rights must ensure that basic human rights are protected. The Parliament of every nation must make laws that are sensitive to human rights (Campbell & Goldswor th 259). This therefore means that there should be an entrenched and established universal system that must respect and honor the basic rights of all citizens. The parliament or law making body of every nation should be sensitive to fundamental human rights in the making of laws. Also, in interpreting the law in relation to specific cases, the Judiciary must guarantee the human rights of individuals. Where this is in